![]() Word processing- Microsoft Office is freely available from IT staff for all department-owned machines.Staff and students can also purchase discounted Microsoft products online - see download details. Students are entitled to Microsoft education discounts for personal machines. For personal machines staff are entitled to one copy of Microsoft operating system from IT Services shop under the Microsoft Campus agreement. Windows computers should always run Windows 10 either of the four latest versions. Mac computers should always run either of the two latest versions. Operating systems - Linux users should seek advice from IT staff.Please check whether IT staff already have the media before buying/ordering licences from the IT Services shop. Software to be installed on Department owned machines should generally be purchased with a department requisition form, following the Department guidelines for purchasing, whereupon the finance office automatically add the SoftwareCardID to the purchase order. Software can also be remotely deployed onto Departmental computers by IT staff upon request via email to email address and phone number plus the hostname and IP address of the computer.Most commonly used software can be self-deployed via the Software Center application which is available on all departmental Windows desktops and laptops.See lists below and software list on ITSS wiki. Some specialist software site licenses are managed by Departments.Some software can be purchased from the IT Services on-line shop. ![]() Some software can be downloadedfree from Self-Registration.Each software licensing agreement has its own specific details restricting use and availability. Please check the full list of site-licensed-software for details about the product you are interested in. 6.Oxford University IT Services manages a wide range of software university-wide site licenses. To ensure the complete removal, it would be better to unhide the Library folder permanently. In the upper-left corner of the screen, hold the “Option” key on your keyboard, click “Go” on the Finder, and select “Library” to open the Library folder. Otherwise, just do the following to clean them out. Usually they are very small, so if you attempt to reinstall the application, you can keep them. So this is teaching you how to delete the Support and Preference Files from it, which are those left behind after you remove CrystalDiffract application. In the entire removal process, the Library folder could be a blind spot to many users. This will permanently remove CrystalDiffract and everything inside, freeing up the hard drive space on your Mac. It will ask for your confirmation, also click “Empty Trash” on the message. Right-click on the Trash icon, select “Empty Trash”. In the list of installed applications, select CrystalDiffract as a target, and hit “Run Analysis”.ĭo it once you are certain that you will never use CrystalDiffract again (or in a short time at least). Download - Install - Run App Uninstaller 2. What I’m only interested in is how to quickly get things done”. In the very beginning, I would like to introduce an easy approach to uninstall this app on Mac, just in case you are like “Geez, don’t put me through the knowledge. Using App Uninstaller by to Breezily Remove CrystalDiffract I believe after going through the whole process, you will be much more familiar with your Mac. The following are specific steps for you to fully remove CrystalDiffract. Regards to removals on macOS, keywords shall be Finder, Library, Preference, and Application Support instead. ![]() Let’s temporarily isolate other Windows logicality from our mind, forget about the Start menu, Control Panel, Registry Editor, etc. If you don’t deal with them termly, issues would be generated. So there is one thing you can be sure of: too many junks will slow down your computer, and they are accumulating during the operation. Removing the useless applications from your computer is still one of the simplest ways to speed up your system, where everything lives to work, occupying part of the hardware resources including hard drive space and memory. Now go with how to correctly remove CrystalDiffract. If you happen to be a newbie of Mac Computer, take the chance to learn something. This page can help you understand the basic knowledge of system maintenance, guiding you through the confusion of removal problems. Removals on macOS are quite different from those on Microsoft Windows OS.
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![]() Let’s just say, how easy this is to make. I’m a pretty good cook & roast a damned good chicken, but this recipe makes me a Damned Delicious Cook every single time with none of the guess-work that arises when you’re oven roasting a chicken & trying to make sure it’s cooked but not drying out. When it’s done I shove it under the broiler for 10-12 minutes to crisp up the skin while I thicken the broth with a bit of corn starch. I use the herbs in the recipe but blend sweet & smoked paprika & add a tsp each of chili powder & cumin OR a generous tsp of lemon-herb seasoning, the stuff I use on salmon - it’s amazing on this chicken! I often add a squeeze of lemon juice to the broth & toss in some chopped celery or celery tops, a spring or two of fresh parsley & a carrot for added flavour. ![]() I season the chicken well inside & out, toss in a quartered lemon, truss the legs together with string & sautee it until dark golden in a heavy cast iron frying pan on the stove top, turning it until I get most of the skin browned. Tips: I don’t use the sautee feature on my 6qt IP to brown things because I find it awkward (I’m not very tall & reaching down into the pot without burning myself isn’t that easy). One of our favorite recipes - I make it 3 or 4 times/month at least. Maybe make some black beans in the instant pot. We have a ton leftover, so I think we will make fajita’s tonight. Bonus points for the seasoning, it was spot on and I would absolutely use it again when grilling. My wife thought the meat was dried out maybe I should have let it cool down a bit more before slicing. I let it cool down a bit, but it was still not firm enough for slicing. I used a wood spatula inserted into the cavity to pull the bird from the pot, but the legs and thighs just stayed in the pot. Due to its size, I increased the cook time to 45 minutes. There was no time to cook it in the oven, so I decided to try this recipe. My wife picked up an oven stuffer chicken, it was about 7 lbs. The skin would be crisp and the meat would be juicy from roasting/grilling. chicken, I would probably spatchock it and cook it on my grill. Unless I’m missing something, I don’t see the time savings. The estimated total time from start to finish is an hour and a half. It seems that when you factor in the time needed to brown both sides (4-5 minutes didn’t do the job), then wait to build up steam, then time to cook and release its steam naturally, there is little time savings. Bake for about 15 minutes or until the cheese has melted.I guess I’m still trying to figure out the allure of the Instant Pot. In a separate small dish, combine the butter and the Italian seasoning. Spoon the mixture, evenly, onto the buns and place the tops of the slider buns on the sandwiches.ĥ. In a large bowl, combine all the ingredients except the buns, Italian seasoning, and butter. Place the bottom half of the slider buns on a cookie sheet.ģ. In just a few moments, you’ll have an awesome dinner that will have everyone crowding around the table! Buffalo Chicken SlidersĢ. Keep this simple recipe at the forefront of your mind when you’re running low on time, too. ![]() Many people have had cheeseburger sliders but there aren’t many who have had sliders made with buffalo chicken! Just have some water nearby for those who might think that they’re a little bit too spicy! The other fun way to cook up and serve these chicken sandwiches is to make them up for a party with all your family and friends. I know that I can easily double it as well but I think that 12 is a pretty good start! Since our family is so large, I also love the fact that this delicious recipe makes 12 sliders right off the bat. They’re not too hot and give us all that heat that we love without pushing us over the top. We like a little bit of spice in our meals so these Buffalo Chicken Sliders are just about perfect. If you like this simple recipe, make certain that you check out our Hibachi Chicken recipe as well! These are perfect for busy weeknights or a weekend at home. With a total time of fewer than 20 minutes to make these chicken sliders, everyone in your family is going to be chowing down on these tiny sandwiches in no time at all. Not only are they the perfect bite-sized, but they’re just about the perfect sandwich portion as well. You’re going to love the taste of these Buffalo Chicken Sliders. ![]() ![]() The book includes a portrait of father and son, as well as a section on the "Fathers and Sons" song from the musical Working. Author Carol de Giere draws from eighty hours of interviews with the elder Schwartz, as well as from over 100 interviews with his colleagues, friends, and family members including Scott. Scott Schwartz is among the hundreds of people included in this first authorized career biography on Stephen Schwartz. Biography: Defying Gravity: the Creative Career of Stephen Schwartz, from Godspell to Wicked Schwartz is a member of the Stage Directors and Choreographers Society, an Associate Artist at the Alley Theatre and a graduate of Harvard University. Regional theaters include: Arizona Theatre Company, Asolo Rep, Berkshire Theatre Festival, Cleveland Playhouse, Colorado Shakespeare Festival, Dallas Theatre Center, Denver Center, Goodspeed, La Jolla Playhouse, Old Globe, Papermill Playhouse, Pasadena Playhouse, PCPA, Philadelphia Theatre Company, Portland Center Stage, Rubicon, Signature Theatre, Theatreworks, Virginia Stage Company, Westport Country Playhouse, and others. Schwartz’s other recent credits include the world premiere of Theresa Rebeck’s What We’re Up Against, Much Ado About Nothing and Othello at the Alley Theatre, the world premiere of Secondhand Lions at the 5th Avenue, and Next To Normal at the Alliance Theatre. He directed the World Premiere of Séance on a Wet Afternoon starring Lauren Flaniganat Opera Santa Barbara and subsequently at New York City Opera. He also directed Golda’s Balcony on tour, in London, in Los Angeles at the Wadsworth Theatre and in San Francisco at American Conservatory Theatre. His Off-Broadway work includes Murder for Two, Bat Boy: The Musical (Lucille Lortel and Outer Critics Circle Awards, Outstanding Off Broadway Musical Drama Desk Award nomination, Outstanding Director of a Musical), tick, tick…BOOM! (Outer Critics Circle, Outstanding Off Broadway Musical Drama Desk nomination, Outstanding Director of a Musical), The Foreigner starring Matthew Broderick, Rooms: A Rock Romance, Kafka’s The Castle (Outer Critics Circle nomination, Outstanding Director of a Play), and No Way to Treat a Lady. He directed the Broadway productions of Golda’s Balcony and Jane Eyre (co-directed with John Caird). Scott Schwartz (Director) is the Artistic Director at Bay Street Theatre in Sag Harbor, NY. ![]() Article: Godspell's Generations: Can Scott Schwartz Update Dad's Show?.Director of Broadway, Off-Broadway, and regional theatre shows (and son of Stephen Schwartz). ![]() Between the Cursed Captain and Rare Thief, we like to think Sailor’s Grave offers mighty fine company. ![]() Good examples of such little detours include two in The Sunken Pearl Tall Tale: Chest of Sorrow and Tale of Eternal Sorrow.īy contrast, this series of commendations is a complete departure from the Tall Tale path, and-to complete all six-you must do them in sequence and in one session.Īye, completing these six commendations is its own grand adventure-and we love it!īelow you’ll find miniature guides for each commendation where we’ll walk alongside you every step of the way. A few require little detours, but they generally don’t require pirates to stray too far from their main Tall Tale objectives. Most Tall Tale commendations occur naturally in the course of completing a tale. The Barbary pirates, or Barbary corsairs or Ottoman corsairs, were Muslim pirates and privateers who operated from North Africa, based primarily in the ports of Salé, Rabat, Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli.This area was known in Europe as the Barbary Coast, in reference to the Berbers. 3) Please follow the below methods if the above does not give you. There are six commendations to be found in Sailor’s Grave, and they are unlike any Tall Tale commendations we have ever encountered! Then, select Pirates of the Caribbean: ToW from the Update List. Pull the platforms just enough so that you can hop from one to the other without falling. This pulley will move two platforms across the gap-one from your side and one from the other. There you’ll see the pulley you’ll need to make it to the shipwreck. Once you’ve made it across, you see a few stairs up to your right. Don’t worry if you let go of this pulley, the platform stays. Use it to raise a platform of barrels and crates. On this platform, you’ll see your next pulley ahead, a little to the left.Īh, but to the right, you’ll see a captain’s quarters-with gold, too! Unfortunately, when you approach, you find the door reads, “Key needed to unlock.” Aye, best be saving that for after you’ve rescued the Cursed Captain. ![]() So, you might want to make sure your whole crew is aboard before you start to lift. Use that pulley to hoist you and your crew to the next platform.Īfter letting go, the platform will lower back down. You’ll emerge from the water to find a pulley. ![]() Successfully complete story mode on the hard difficulty setting to unlock the Infinite Ammo cheat and the Site multi-player level in arcade mode. Successfully complete story mode on the normal difficulty setting to unlock Big Heads and All Characters Cloaked cheats and the Compound multi-player level in arcade mode. Successfully complete story mode on the easy difficulty setting to unlock the Cardboard Characters cheat and the Streets multi-player level in arcade mode. Successfully complete the 2401 Space Station level in story mode on the medium difficulty setting to unlock Reaper Splitter as a playable character in arcade mode. Successfully complete the 2315 Robot Factory level in story mode on the medium difficulty setting to unlock Machinist as a playable character in arcade mode. Successfully complete the 2280 Return to Planet X level in story mode on the medium difficulty setting to unlock Ozor Mox as a playable character in arcade mode. Successfully complete the 2019 NeoTokyo level in story mode on the medium difficulty setting to unlock Sadako as a playable character in arcade mode. Successfully complete the 1990 Oblask Dam Siberia level in story mode on the medium difficulty setting to unlock the Mutant TimeSplitter as a playable character in arcade mode. Successfully complete the 1972 Atom Smasher level in story mode on the medium difficulty setting to unlock Khallos as a playable character in arcade mode. Successfully complete the 1932 Chicago level in story mode on the medium difficulty setting to unlock Big Tony as a playable character in arcade mode. Successfully complete the 1920 Aztec Ruins level in story mode on the medium difficulty setting to unlock Stone Golem as a playable character in arcade mode. Successfully complete the 1895 Notre Dame Paris level in story mode on the medium difficulty setting to unlock Notre Dame as a playable character in arcade mode. Successfully complete the 1853 Wild West level in story mode on the medium difficulty setting to unlock The Colonel as a playable character in arcade mode. Release date january 8, 2022.Corey Feldman Interview 1853 Wild West level rewards All Cheats inside from the first CHEATBOOK January 1998 until today. Covering more than 26.000 Games, this database representsĪll genres and focuses on recent releases. Gamer and want a few extra weapons or lives to survive until the next level, this freeware cheat database can come to the rescue. XBox, Playstation 1 and 2, Playstation 3, Playstation 4, Sega, Nintendo 64, Wii U,ĭVD, Game Boy Advance, iPhone, Game Boy Color, N-Gage, Nintendo DS, PSP, Gamecube, Dreamcast, Xbox 360, Super Nintendo) easily accessible from one central location. Spotlight - New Version CheatBook DataBase 2022Ĭheatbook-Database 2022 is a freeware cheat code tracker that makes hints, Tricks, Tips and cheats (for PC, Walkthroughs, Visit Cheatinfo for more Cheat Codes, FAQs or Tips! Help out other players on the PC by adding a cheat or secret that you know! Submit your codes! Having Codes, cheat, hints, tips, trainer or tricks we dont have yet? Spawn Headcrab Zombie Torso - npc_create npc_zombie_torso Spawn Headcrab Zombie - npc_create npc_zombie Spawn Overwatch Sniper - npc_create npc_sniper Spawn Poison Zombie - npc_create npc_poisonzombie Spawn Civil Protection - npc_create npc_metropolice Spawn Isaac Kleiner - npc_create npc_Kleiner Spawn Hunter-Chopper - npc_create npc_helicopter ![]() Spawn Poison Headcrab - npc_create npc_headcrab_poison Spawn Fast Headcrab - npc_create npc_headcrab_fast Spawn Poison Headcrab - npc_create npc_headcrab_black Spawns Fast Zombie - npc_create npc_fastzombie Spawn City Scanner - npc_create npc_cscanner Spawn Gunship - npc_create npc_combinegunship Spawn Dropship - npc_create npc_combinedropship Spawn Overwatch Soldier - npc_create npc_combine_s Spawn Shield Scanner - npc_create npc_clawscanner Spawn Antlion Guard - npc_create npc_antlionguard Spawn all weapons and full ammo - impulse 101 Spawn Gravity Gun - give weapon_physcannon Spawn Grigori's gun - give weapon_annabelle After that u can use all of the cheat codes of Here add "sv_cheats 1" (without the quotes) and Parameter (without the quotes) at the end of the target field. Select Properties and a new screen should pop up. Right-click on the Half-Life 2 icon on your desktop, Hints and Tips for: Half-Life 2 - Lost Coast Half-Life 2 - Lost Coast Cheats, Codes, Hints and Walkthroughs for PC Games. Half-Life 2 - Lost Coast Cheats, Cheat Codes, Hints, Tips ![]() The utilization of nanoparticles (such as Au, Ag, Cu, and Fe) for the creation of nanostructures has received much attention because of their unique morphology, grain size, and physical, electrical, and magnetic properties that make them suitable for application in the fields of drug delivery, optoelectronics, energy storage elements, and microfluidics. In the past two decades, there has been a growing interest in the development of H 2O 2 electrochemical biosensors based on the enzymatic activity of peptide-nanostructure-modified electrodes. Thus, creating a system for the accurate, sensitive, and selective determination of H 2O 2 has been the goal of significant research effort. ![]() Moreover, it participates in pathways associated with rheumatoid arthritis, atherosclerosis, asthma, diabetic vasculopathy, and many neurodegenerative diseases. Hydrogen peroxide (H 2O 2) is a reactive oxygen by-product that acts as a key regulator of various oxidative stress-related processes. Moreover, interference experiments revealed that the Hb/AgNF/ITO sensor displayed excellent selectivity for H 2O 2. The sensitivity, detection limit, and detection range of the Hb/AgNF/ITO biosensor toward detection H 2O 2 in human serum was also found to be 0.730 mA mM −1 cm −2, 90 µM, and 0.2 to 2.6 mM, indicating the clinical application for the H 2O 2 detection of the Hb/AgNF/ITO biosensor. Electrochemical measurement and analysis demonstrated that Hb retained its direct electron transfer and electrocatalytic properties and acted as a H 2O 2 sensor with a detection limit of 0.12 µM and a linear detection range of 0.2 to 3.4 mM in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Hb was immobilized on 3-mercaptopropionic acid-coated AgNFs through carbodiimide cross-linking to form an Hb/AgNF/ITO biosensor. After well-ordered and fully-grown AgNFs were created on an ITO substrate by electrodeposition, their morphological and optical properties were analyzed with scanning electron microscopy and UV–Vis spectroscopy. Herein we report the electrosynthesis of silver nanoflowers (AgNFs) on indium tin oxide (ITO) electrodes for direct electron transfer of hemoglobin (Hb) toward the selective quantification of H 2O 2. Therefore, the accurate quantitative determination of H 2O 2 is crucial in clinical diagnostics, the food industry, and environmental monitoring. ![]() ![]() remove electrical portion and install our speedo cable.Hydrogen peroxide (H 2O 2) is a partially reduced metabolite of oxygen that exerts a diverse array of physiological and pathological activities in living organisms. Install 02A style speedo sensor (on left) in the top of the trans. You need to unscrew the electrical connector portion of that sensor and it will expose the threaded portion that you will thread our cable onto (see on the right side below). These cables screw into the top of your factory speedo gear shaft on the top of the transmission by the axle cups.
You can then repeat with more battle traits to get extra multiplier and farm even more mana. It takes less than 5 minute to run a scenario using this approach.ĩ) As you get more levels, you can beat higher scenarios, and will be able to acquire more battle traits. Until you get to very high levels, 60k is enough to level you up at least once. In every Gemcraft game except Labyrinth, battlefields are shown on the map as a. Full HD native game resolution for more detailed and crisp visuals. Feature highlights for veteran wizards of GemCraft - Chasing Shadows: A brand new GemCraft chapter with whole new fields and chapter map to explore. The result is that getting only 4k xp in the scenario, gives you 60k xp! Ive mentioned field tokens a few times, so let me explain what I mean. Gain more than 600 achievements that will reward you with more skill points and unlock higher battle trait levels as you earn them. Traits will be there in GCFW as well, 15 of them, each adjustable at 12 levels (or left turned off). But because you’ve maxed traits, your multiplier is going to be high. Battle traits were one of the cornerstones of GemCraft since Labyrinth, giving you control over how difficult challenges to take on and what path of progression to take. You should have plenty of mana from starting waves early.Ĩ) The combination of starting waves early, bombing buildings and spells should give you a couple thousand XP for the level. If there are any buildings you can bomb for experience, bomb them. ![]() If you can get 100+ monsters in the range, that’ll give a fair amount of experience.ħ) After starting all the waves early, pause the game. ![]() You will also get your spells to recharge faster.Ħ) Any time you get large clusters of monsters, freeze them, and then hit them with your other spells. When that happens, you’ll get XP for starting the wave early. Basically, every time a wave starts, immediately start the next one. ![]() ![]() Other users at the same time can run Corel on that PC without any problems.2022. GmbH.) CDR Corel Vector Graphic Drawing (Corel Corporation) CDR Final Cut Pro CD/DVD Image File (Apple Inc.).Coreldraw x8 initializing user interface crash but unfortunatelly, it didn't fix the problem and Corel X8 doesn't start on one particular user account on one PC. CDR GameJack Virtual CD or DVD Image (S.A.D. CDPZ ConceptDraw MINDMAP Document (Computer Systems Odessa Corporation) CDQ CD Indexer. I tryed to repair the installation, uninstall and reinstall again 2 times, check for windows 10 updates, but nothing works. Hello, I downloaded the new CorelDraw graphics Suite 2018, but i have and issue, it shows me a dialog box that CorelDraw stops working when initializing any program and then close the program. And explain how to fix Missing menu bars and ToolBars in CorelDraw. In this Video you can learn how to customize our interface and Tool bars in CorelDraw X8. Also CorelCapture does nothing for several minutes, not even a splash screen, when I double-click the icon. Eventually the program starts and then works perfectly. When I double-click the icon, it says "Initializing user interface" and then sits there doing nothing for several minutes. PhotoPaint and Draw suddenly developed an annoying problem. If you enjoy cooking and want to better organize your recipes, Mariner Software MacGourmet Deluxe is a helpful utensil to add to your kitchen. The application also comes with useful capabilities such as smart lists, cooking note support, nutritional information, and social sharing. The software allows you to create and import recipes or get them directly from culinary websites. MacGourmet Deluxe is designed for foodies who want to go digital. You can also save them to MacGourmet's cloud storage, which allows you to access them from different devices, including your iPhone or iPad using the MacGourmet Mobile app. MacGourmet Deluxe provides convenient sharing capabilities as you can publish your favorite recipes to your blog, Facebook, or Twitter. The application also enables you to analyze the nutritional value of your recipes and plan dinners for an entire week and sync them with your macOS Calendar app. You can make smart lists that sort recipes according to customized rules such as ingredients, cuisine, difficulty, and equipment needed. If you really enjoy a certain recipe you can save it as a favorite. MacGourmet Deluxe also provides specialized notes for beer, wine, and cheese. You can record cooking notes to accommodate your recipe and make a list of all the ingredients you need and print them out for your trip to the store. MacGourmet Deluxe allows you to create your own recipes, get recipes from your favorite culinary websites, or import recipes. The program allows you to manage your new and old recipes, create ingredient lists, flag your favorite recipes, and share your favorite meals. ![]() Mariner Software MacGourmet Deluxe is a digital recipe management application. Share your recipes to your blog, Facebook, or Twitter.Plan an entire week of recipes and sync them with the macOS Calendar app.Analyze nutritional value of your recipes.Record cooking notes and make a shopping list of ingredients.Create your own recipes, import recipes, or get recipes from the web.(We also have a calendar of Restaurant visits. It seems to play nicely with iOS and it has a nice web interface and API. To keep a record of things I've cooked, I use a google calendar (shared with my wife, who does most of the data entry). You could use Evernote in a similar fashion, but you might want to consider a paid subscription so you get offline access on the iPad/iPhone. Other great apps like GNOME Recipes are Copy. Its not free, so if youre looking for a free alternative, you could try Rezepthos or Gourmet Recipe Manager. The best alternative is Paprika Recipe Manager. I will sometimes use the iPhone when shopping to double check a recipe to make sure I don't leave out ingredients. There are more than 10 alternatives to GNOME Recipes for a variety of platforms, including iPad, iPhone, Mac, Windows and Online / Web-based. If I cook a recipe from a book frequently, I will retype it into my collection as text file. This keeps the book from getting soiled, and creates a permanent record of the recipes I've used. When cooking from a book, I will take a photo of the page with my iPhone and then view it on the iPad for cooking. I wrote an iOS app to view and edit them, but I can also edit or view them directly as text files. All of my personal recipes are text files in a DropBox folder in a markdown-like format. I usually prefer to have mine printed out, so I really only use their recipe box as a "bookmark' or "favorites" tool. You can also modify recipes on their site and save them to your box. If you become a member of allrecipes you can save your own recipe in their recipe box tool. To make things easy, I put a table of contents at the front of each dish type section. appetizers, soups, main dish, desserts, etc) and the numbers will represent a sub type (i.e. The color dividers represent a dish type (i.e. I then made a table of contents corresponding to the dividers. To make recipes easy to find in the binder, I organized the recipes with 5 large colored dividers and 30 numbered dividers. In additional to making everything uniform, it has prevented cooking spills from making a mess of the recipes. I put all of my recipes in page protectors before putting them into the binder. The majority of my favorite recipes come from so my collection naturally lent itself to a binder system. ![]() The second stage is the driver stage, optimised to give a large voltage swing. The coupling capacitor with the second stage is avoided by choosing a low collector voltage of 120V DC which is very well possible with an ECC83. This could have been made with a tube but that would require a high negative voltage and a transistor is better to get a high source impedance of the current source. The first stage is a gain stage with an ECC83 double triode in a "long-tailed pair" configuration where the common cathodes are spplied with a constant current from a BC550C transistor. ![]() There are three fully symmetric amplification stages. I would be conservative and double this total value - higher values sometimes come in the same size package, have a lower ESR (a good thing) and will be less likely to fail in case other components in the circuit fail.The signal path in its purest form is shown below. To choose a voltage ratings, you need to consider the bias voltage plus the AC voltage swing of the audio signal. The value of your capacitor will be determined by the impedance of the circuit and the desired low-frequency response. I have also had a great deal of trouble with the SMD versions of these parts surviving assembly and reflow using standard automated assembly techniques. ![]() While they are stellar performers, they are very large in size for the rated value. You will also see some references to film capacitors for use as AC coupling in audio. NP0 and C0G are the best of the ceramics, however I don't think you will find these types available in appropriate values. We have also found that ceramic capacitors suffer from microphonic effects: the audio passing through the part will actually physically resonate and cause distortion! I would only use ceramic capacitors in the audio path where performance is not an issue, but size and cost are your higher priority. However, when most ceramic capacitors are biased, the capacitive rating can decrease by as much as 50%! The higher grade (X7R) types suffer less from this, but you should be aware that a 1 uF might be acting like a 0.68uF in the circuit. They are attractive because of the size, cost and low ESR. They are generally smaller than electrolytics for the same value.īoth of the non-ceramic types will hold their capacitive value under use condition, unlike ceramics.Ĭeramic capacitors are generally not recommended for use as AC coupling in audio. On the positive side, tantalums do not dry out and so are appropriate for a long term high temperature environment. Some people say they "don't sound as good," however static single-tone distortion tests might not reveal any differences. As polarized capacitors, they must also be biased, however I have not found them to be as linear in an audio path as electrolytic capacitors. Tantalum capacitors are a reasonable alternative, however they are more expensive than electrolytics and are not available in as many values. High temperature versions are available and will hold up well over a long period of time. They literally 'dry out' and become a high pass filter in the signal path. However, electrolytic capacitors have quite a large footprint and they will suffer from degradation of value and performance over time - especially in a high temperature environment. They are very linear when biased by the Common Mode voltages present in most SigmaDSP audio paths and their low ESR (Equivalent Series Resistance) makes them attractive as an 'invisible' component when designing a circuit. Each has strengths and weaknesses.Įlectrolytic capacitors are generally the best performing for this purpose. In general, there are 3 types of capacitors that will be available in the values that are appropriate as AC coupling in most signal paths: electrolytic, tantalum and ceramic. |
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